Matter is everything around us, and it exists in three main states: solid, liquid, and gas. These states can change when we add or remove heat. For example, if you heat a solid, it can turn into a liquid, and if you heat a liquid, it can become a gas. We see these changes happening in our daily lives and use them in many ways.
One of the first ways people traveled quickly across land was by using steam trains. These trains worked by burning coal to heat water in a boiler. The water turned into steam, which is a gas. This steam was under high pressure and moved quickly, providing energy to power the train’s engine. Steam engines were important in the past for powering many machines.
In places where it gets really cold, water in a car’s cooling system can freeze. Water turns into a solid at zero degrees Celsius. To prevent this, we add a substance called antifreeze to the water. Antifreeze lowers the freezing point of water, so it stays liquid even when it’s very cold. It also raises the boiling point, so the water doesn’t boil away when it’s hot. This helps keep the car’s engine from overheating.
When roads get icy, we can make them safer by adding salt. Salt lowers the freezing point of water, so ice melts even when it’s cold. This is why seawater, which contains salt, freezes at about minus two degrees Celsius, while pure water freezes at zero degrees Celsius.
Distillation is a process that separates substances based on their boiling points. It’s used to purify water, like turning seawater into drinking water. In distillation, seawater is heated until it boils and turns into steam. The steam is then cooled down and turns back into liquid water, leaving the salt and minerals behind. This purified water is safe to drink.
Gases can be compressed, but most liquids cannot. This property is used in hydraulic systems, which help move heavy objects. In these systems, a liquid is pushed through tubes, causing pistons to move. This movement can lift or move heavy things, making hydraulic systems very useful in machines.
We use the physical changes of matter in many ways. Steam engines show how adding heat can change water into steam to power machines. Antifreeze helps cars run smoothly in cold and hot weather. Salt makes icy roads safer by melting ice. Distillation purifies water for drinking and other uses. Hydraulic systems use liquids to move heavy objects efficiently.
Understanding how matter changes state helps us solve everyday problems and improve our lives!
Make your own ice cream using the concept of changing states of matter! You’ll need milk, sugar, vanilla extract, ice, and salt. Mix the milk, sugar, and vanilla in a small bag. Place it inside a larger bag filled with ice and salt. Shake the bags for about 10 minutes. Observe how the liquid mixture turns into a solid ice cream due to the freezing point depression caused by the salt.
Create a basic steam engine using a soda can, water, and a candle. Carefully punch two holes near the top of the can and fill it with a small amount of water. Place the can over a lit candle. As the water heats and turns into steam, watch how the can spins, demonstrating the power of steam pressure.
Use syringes and tubing to build a simple hydraulic lift. Fill the syringes with water and connect them with tubing. By pushing on one syringe, observe how the liquid transfers force to lift an object on the other syringe, illustrating the principles of hydraulic systems.
Set up a simple distillation apparatus using a pot, a heat source, and a collection container. Boil saltwater in the pot and capture the steam in the container. As the steam cools, it condenses back into liquid water, leaving the salt behind. Discuss how this process purifies water.
Create a game where you match everyday items with their state of matter and the changes they undergo. Use cards or an online platform to quiz yourself and classmates on how heat affects solids, liquids, and gases, reinforcing your understanding of the states of matter.
Here’s a sanitized version of the provided YouTube transcript:
—
Matter exists in three main states on Earth: solid, liquid, and gas. Matter can be physically changed by adding or removing heat. If enough heat is added or removed, there can be a change in the state. For example, a solid can change into a liquid, and a liquid can change into a gas. In our everyday lives, we make use of the physical properties of matter, which sometimes involves a change of state.
One of the earliest ways we were able to move people and freight quickly across land was with steam trains. Steam trains are powered by heating a boiler with coal. The high-pressure steam produced by the boiler provides energy from the rapid movement of its particles to a steam engine, which converts the energy of high-pressure steam into motion. Steam engines were used to power many different machines in the past.
In modern-day transport, in areas where air temperatures fall to zero degrees Celsius and below, the water in the cooling systems of cars can freeze because water turns into a solid at that temperature. Adding substances to water can change some of its properties. For instance, adding antifreeze to the cooling system prevents the water from turning into a solid. When substances dissolve in water, like salt, they lower the freezing point of water, so it takes lower temperatures than zero degrees Celsius to make a solution containing water turn into a solid. Antifreeze works in this way; it’s mostly made of a substance known as ethylene glycol. It dissolves into the water and lowers the water’s freezing point to well below the temperature that a car would normally be exposed to. This means the water remains a liquid and can continue to cool the engine, preventing overheating. Antifreeze also raises the boiling point of the water to prevent it from boiling over in high temperatures. In this situation, we can refer to antifreeze as a coolant.
Salt in solution with water lowers its freezing point. Seawater freezes at about minus two degrees Celsius compared to zero degrees Celsius for pure water. This property of salt can be used to manage icy surfaces. If there is ice on a road or other surfaces due to cold weather conditions, it can be melted to liquid water by adding salt, because salt in solution with water requires lower temperatures for it to freeze.
Different substances have a wide range of boiling and melting points. Distillation is a technique that uses different boiling points to separate substances. Water can be purified by distilling it. Seawater has many dissolved salts and minerals in it. If we wanted to purify it for drinking, we could distill it. A simple distillation setup shows how this process works. Seawater is heated at a little more than 100 degrees Celsius. It boils, and steam evaporates, traveling up a glass tube before being carried through a cooling tube. The cold water running around the outside of the cooling tube cools the steam down, and it condenses back into water. The purified water drips into a flask. It is purified because the impurities, the salts, and the minerals have higher boiling points than the temperature of the burner can reach, so they remain in solid form.
Thermal distillation can be used to desalinate salty water, such as seawater, and turn it into drinking water. Distillation is used in various industries. For example, refineries distill crude oil, which is taken from the Earth and made into a wide range of different products, like fuels, glues, solvents, and industrial chemicals, all of which have different boiling points.
Gases can be compressed, while most liquids cannot be easily compressed. This principle is used in hydraulic systems. They work like this: a piston forces hydraulic liquid, usually a type of oil, into a cylinder, which is connected via hydraulic lines to another piston and cylinder. As the liquid is forced down one cylinder, it moves around the lines to the other cylinder, forcing the piston to rise. Hydraulic systems can be used to drive different types of machines and to lift and move incredibly heavy objects.
Humans use physical changes of state of matter for many purposes. Steam engines are one example of how matter can change state when heat is added, and the energy can be used to drive machines. Antifreeze lowers the freezing point and elevates the boiling point of water in a car’s cooling system, ensuring that the engines do not freeze or overheat. Salt on ice lowers the freezing point of ice and melts it, allowing us to travel safely on roads. Distillation can be used to purify seawater for drinking and other industrial applications. Hydraulic equipment uses liquids that can’t be compressed to drive machinery and move heavy objects.
If you liked this video, you can find it and many more at clickview.net. Sign up for free today!
—
This version maintains the original content while removing any informal language or promotional elements.
Matter – Anything that has mass and takes up space. – In science class, we learned that everything around us is made of matter, including the air we breathe.
States – Different forms in which matter can exist, such as solid, liquid, and gas. – Water can change between different states, like ice, liquid water, and steam.
Solid – A state of matter with a definite shape and volume. – Ice is a solid form of water that maintains its shape unless it melts.
Liquid – A state of matter that has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container. – When you pour water into a glass, it becomes a liquid that fills the shape of the glass.
Gas – A state of matter without a definite shape or volume, expanding to fill its container. – The air in a balloon is a gas that spreads out to fill the entire space inside.
Steam – The gas form of water, produced when water boils. – When the kettle boils, steam rises from the spout as the water turns into a gas.
Freezing – The process of a liquid turning into a solid due to a decrease in temperature. – When the temperature drops below zero degrees Celsius, water undergoes freezing and becomes ice.
Boiling – The process of a liquid turning into a gas when heated to its boiling point. – Boiling water on the stove causes bubbles to form as it turns into steam.
Distillation – A process used to separate mixtures based on differences in boiling points. – In science class, we used distillation to purify water by heating it until it turned into steam and then cooling it back into a liquid.
Hydraulic – Relating to the use of liquid to transmit force or energy. – The hydraulic lift in the garage uses oil to raise cars off the ground for repairs.
