Indonesia, officially known as the Republic of Indonesia, is a Southeast Asian country located between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It is the world’s largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. It is also the world’s fourth most populous country, with a population of over 270 million people. The country’s capital city is Jakarta.
Indonesia’s geography is highly diverse, ranging from tropical rainforests and high mountains to extensive coastlines and vibrant coral reefs. The country is located on the Pacific “Ring of Fire” and is known for its high volcanic activity. Indonesia’s largest and most famous islands include Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, and Papua.
Indonesia has a rich history that dates back to the first known human habitation approximately two million years ago. The country has seen the rise and fall of powerful kingdoms, the influence of Indian and Islamic cultures, and the impact of European colonialism. Indonesia gained independence from the Netherlands in 1945 after a prolonged struggle.
Indonesia is a presidential, constitutional republic where the President of Indonesia is both head of state and head of government. The government system is based on the 1945 constitution which emphasizes national unity, social justice, and democracy. The country is divided into provinces, each headed by a governor, and provinces are subdivided into regencies and cities.
Indonesia has a mixed economy in which both the private sector and government play significant roles. The country is rich in natural resources, including petroleum and natural gas, textiles, automotive, electrical appliances, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, medical instruments and appliances, handicrafts, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry, and tourism. Indonesia is the world’s 16th largest economy by nominal GDP and the 7th largest in terms of GDP (PPP).
Indonesia’s culture is a melting pot of several influences due to its historical trading relationships with other nations. The country’s cultural heritage includes centuries-old handed down traditions, music, dance, rituals, and cuisine. Indonesia is also famous for its unique arts and crafts, particularly batik and ikat cloth and clothing.
Education in Indonesia is compulsory for twelve years. Parents can choose between state-run, non-sectarian schools or private or semi-private religious (usually Islamic) schools. Indonesian and English are the primary languages of instruction. The country has over 3,000 higher education institutions, with the University of Indonesia and Bandung Institute of Technology being among the most notable.
